ELFarra, Belal K., and Mohammed Alhanjouri. “Adaptive Metaheuristic Optimization of AraBERT for Arabic NER: A Comparative Study of PSO and TLBO”. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks, vol. 7, no. 4, Nov. 2025, pp. 320-42, https://doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2025.4.002.