Markapudi B, Gundiga L, Kondeti VRB, Kanumuri S, Maddala Y. Enhancing Rail Surface Defect Detection Using a Hybrid YOLOv11–Vision Transformer Framework. J. Trends Comput. Sci. Smart Technol. 2026;8(2):291-303. doi:10.36548/jtcsst.2026.2.005