IRO Journals
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks

Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images

Open Access
Published: 29 July, 2026
Pages: 256-271
  • Raagul P. , Raagul P.
    Student, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
    Student, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
  • Subash P R. , Subash P R.
    Student, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
    Student, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
  • Deepak Indirajith M C. , Deepak Indirajith M C.
    Student, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
    Student, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
  • Sathya T. Sathya T.
    Assistant Professor, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
    Assistant Professor, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NPR College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India
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How to Cite

P., Raagul, Subash P R., Deepak Indirajith M C., and Sathya T. 2026. “Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images”. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks 8 (3): 256-71. https://doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2026.3.007.
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Keywords

Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images (RDH-EI)
Authenticated Image Encryption
Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF2)
AES-GCM Cryptographic Security
Imperceptible Data Embedding

Abstract

The growing demand for secure digital communication has led to the necessity of developing strong schemes that can provide confidentiality, integrity, and information recovery. In general, traditional image encryption and steganography methods suffer from limitations due to the reduction in either embedding capacity or visual quality. In this paper, a novel scheme for secure reversible data hiding of an encrypted image based on the combination of Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2), Advanced Encryption Standard in Galois/Counter Mode (AES-GCM), and Most Significant Bit (MSB) embedding is introduced. In the first place, PBKDF2 uses a password chosen by the user to derive a secret key, which is used in order to encrypt the secret message using AES-GCM. Then, the generated ciphertext is embedded into the cover image via MSB substitution method. The experimental analysis performed with the help of USC-SIPI image database shows that the suggested scheme provides 52.36 dB PSNR, 0.45 MSE, 0.99 SSIM and 2.84 bpp embedding capacity.

References

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