Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation
IRO Journals
Volume 5 — Issue 2 — June 2023

A detailed study on Transient Stability Enhancement of Grid-Forming Inverters

https://doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2023.2.001
Ponrekha M
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
Sujatha Balaraman
Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
PDF
PDF

How to Cite

M, Ponrekha, and Sujatha Balaraman. 2023. “A Detailed Study on Transient Stability Enhancement of Grid-Forming Inverters”. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 5 (2): 151-65. https://doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2023.2.001.
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver AMA

Download Citation

Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Keywords

— Voltage-Source Inverter
— grid-forming
— transient stability
— Current Limitation Control
— weak grid
Published: 23-05-2023

Abstract

The integration of the weak grids along with the clean energy that comes from the natural resources requires stable interconnection of Voltage-Source Inverters (VSIs) with weak grids. During severe voltage sags, weak grid integrated VSIs may fail synchronization with the grid.These inverters' transient stability under severe grid disruptions is weak and significantly different from that of synchronous machines. To prevent the side band oscillations in the weak grids, the emerging inverters based on grid-forming are preferred over the grid following inverters in the weak grids. These inverters synchronise with the grid using a power-based synchronisation technique in order to prevent the instability brought on by a typical Phase Locked Loop in weak AC grids. This study presents a comprehensive review of the transient stability improvement of Grid-Forming VSIs.

References

  1. P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control,” New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, (1994).
  2. G. Delille, B. Francois, and G. Malarange, “Dynamic frequency control support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on isolated power system’s inertia,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, (2012): 931–939.
  3. F. Blaabjerg, et al, “Distributed powergeneration systems and protection,"Proc. IEEE, vol. 105, (2017): 1311- 1331.
  4. J. L. Rueda, D. G. Colome, and I. Erlich, “Assessment and enhancement of small signal stability considering uncertainties,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 1, (2009):198–207.
  5. X. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, and W. Wu, “Modeling and analysis of harmonic stability in ac power-electronics-based power system,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 12, (2014): 6421-6432.
  6. H. Wu et al, “Small-signal modeling and parameters design for virtual synchronous generators,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63 no, 7, (2016):4292−4303.
  7. Khazaei J, Miao Z, Piyasinghe L, “Impedance-model-based MIMO analysis of power synchronization control. Electric Power Systems Research, 154, (2018): 341-351.
  8. Y. Jia, T. Huang, Y. Li, and R. Ma, ‘‘Parameter setting strategy for the controller of the DFIG wind turbine considering the small-signal stability of power grids,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, (2020): 31287–31294.
  9. Limeli Li et al, ‘‘Small Signal Stability Analysis and Optimized Control of Large-Scale Wind Power Collection System”, IEEE Access, vol.10, (2022): 28842 – 28852.
  10. M. J. Hossain, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and R. A. Ramos, “Investigation of the impacts of large-scale wind power penetration on the angle and voltage stability of power systems,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, (Mar. 2012): 76–84.
  11. M. A. Bidgoli, H. A. Mohammadpour, and S. M. T. Bathaee, ‘‘Advanced vector control design for DFIM-based hydropower storage for fault ridethrough enhancement,’’ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 30, no. 4, (2015): 1449–1459.
  12. Q. Huang, X. Zou, D. Zhu, and Y. Kang, ‘‘Scaled current tracking control for doubly fed induction generator to ride-through serious grid faults,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 3, (2016) 2150–2165.
  13. S. A. A. Shahriari, M. Mohammadi, and M. Raoofat, ‘‘A new method based on state-estimation technique to enhance low-voltage ride-through capability of doubly-fed induction generator wind turbines,’’ Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 95, (2018): 118–127.
  14. Changping Zhou et al, ‘‘High-voltage Ride Through Strategy for DFIG Considering Converter Blocking of HVDC System," Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol.8, no.3, (2020): 491 - 498.
  15. Juan Wei et al, ‘‘Coordinated Droop Control and Adaptive Model Predictive Control for Enhancing HVRT and Post-Event Recovery of Large-Scale Wind Farm", IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol.12, no.3, (2021): 1549 - 1560.
  16. Torsten Lund et al, ‘‘Operating Wind Power Plants Under Weak Grid Conditions Considering Voltage Stability Constraints", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.37, no.12, (2022):15482 - 15492.
  17. M. G. Taul, X. Wang, P. Davari, and F. Blaabjerg, “Current limiting control with enhanced dynamics of grid-forming converters during fault conditions,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 2, (2020): 1062–1073.
  18. Wu H, Wang X , ‘‘Design-oriented transient stability analysis of grid-connected converters with power synchronization control,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 66(8), (2019): 6473-6482.
  19. H. Wu and X. Wang, “Design-oriented transient stability analysis of PLL-synchronized voltage-source converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 4, (2020): 3573–3589,.
  20. Z. Shuai, C. Shen, X. Liu, Z. Li, and Z. J. Shen, “Transient angle stability of virtual synchronous generators using Lyapunov’s direct method,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 4, (2019): 4648–4661.
  21. Andrés Tarrasó et al, “Synchronous Power Controller for Distributed Generation Units," IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), (2019).
  22. Xiongfei Wang et al, “Grid-Synchronization Stability of Converter-Based Resources—An Overview,"IEEE open journal of industry applications, vol.1, (2020):115 - 134.
  23. X. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, “Harmonic stability in power electronic based power systems: concept, modeling, and analysis,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, (2019): 2858–2870.
  24. Y. Prabowo, V. M. Iyer, B. Kim, and S. Bhattacharya, “Modeling and stability assessment of single-phase droop controlled solid state transformer,” in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Power Electron. Asia, (2019): 3285–3291.
  25. G. Li et al., “Analysis and mitigation of sub-synchronous resonance in series-compensated grid-connected system controlled by virtual synchronous generator,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 10, (2020): 11096–11107.
  26. T. Qoria, F. Gruson, F. Colas, G. Denis, T. Prevost, and X. Guillaud, “Critical clearing time determination and enhancement of grid-forming converters embedding virtual impedance as current limitation algorithm,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 2, (2020): 1050–1061.
  27. D. Pan, X. Wang, F. Liu, and R. Shi, “Transient stability of voltage source converters with grid-forming control: A design-oriented study,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 2, (2020): 1019–1033.
  28. L. Zhang, L. Harnefors, and H. Nee, “Power-synchronization control of grid-connected voltage-source converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, (2010): 809–820.
  29. S. D’ Arco and J. A. Suul, “Equivalence of virtual synchronous machines and frequency-droops for converter-based microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, (2014): 394–395.
  30. Ö. Göksu, R. Teodorescu, C. L. Bak, F. Iov, and P. C. Kjær, “Instability of wind turbine converters during current injection to low voltage grid faults and PLL frequency based stability solution,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 4, (2014): 1683–1691.
  31. M. G. Taul, X. Wang, P. Davari, and F. Blaabjerg, “An overview of assessment methods for synchronization stability of grid-connected converters under severe symmetrical grid faults,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 10, (2019): 9655–9670.
  32. M. G. Taul, X. Wang, P. Davari, and F. Blaabjerg, “An effificient reduced order model for studying synchronization stability of grid-following converters during grid faults,” in Proc. IEEE 20th Workshop Control Model. Power Electron, (2019): 1–7.
  33. D. Pan, X. Wang, F. Liu, and R. Shi, “Transient stability impact of reactive power control on grid-connected converters,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo.,(2019): 4311–4316.
  34. J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, “Power system stabilization using virtual synchronous generator with alternating moment of inertia,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 2, (2015): 451–458.
  35. H. Wu and X. Wang, “A mode-adaptive power-angle control method for transient stability enhancement of virtual synchronous generators,”IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 2, (2020): 1034–1049.
  36. Masaki Yagami et al, "Enhancement of Power System Transient Stability by Active and Reactive Power Control of Variable Speed Wind Generators,"Applied Sciences, MDPI, vol.10(24),8874, (2020): 1-18.
  37. Amir Sepehr et al, "Employing Machine Learning for Enhancing Transient Stability of Power Synchronization Control during Fault Conditions in Weak Grids”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 13, no. 3, (2022): 2121-2131.
  38. D. Li et al, “A self-adaptive inertia and damping combination control of VSG to support frequency stability,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , vol.32, (2016): 397–398.
  39. M. Ebrahimi et al, “An improved damping method for virtual synchronous machines. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol.10, (2019): 1491–1500.
  40. X. Xiong et al, “Transient damping method for improving the synchronization stability of virtual synchronous generators,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol.36, (2020): 7820–7831.
  41. X. Xiong et al, “An optimal damping design of virtual synchronous generators for transient stability enhancement. IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.36, (2021): 11026–11030.
  42. M. Chen, D. Zhou, F. Blaabjerg, “Enhanced transient angle stability control of grid-forming converter based on virtual synchronous generator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.69, (2021): 9133–9144.
  43. L. Huang et al, “Transient stability analysis and control design of droop-controlled voltage source converters considering current limitation,”IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol.10, (2017): 578–591.
  44. G.Denis et al, “The Migrate project: The challenges of operating a transmission grid with only inverter-based generation. A grid-forming control improvement with transient current-limiting control,” IET Renew. Power Gener. , vol.12, (2018): 523–529.
  45. K. Shi, W. Song, P. Xu, R. Liu, Z. Fang, and Y. Ji, “Low-voltage ride through control strategy for a virtual synchronous generator based on smooth switching,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, (2018): 2703–2711.
  46. C. Glockler, D. Duckwitz, and F. Welck, “Virtual synchronous machine control with virtual resistor for enhanced short circuit capability,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technol. Conf. Eur., (2017): 1–6.
  47. K. Shi, H. Ye, P. Xu, D. Zhao, and L. Jiao, “Low-voltage ride through control strategy of virtual synchronous generator based on the analysis of excitation state,” IET Generation Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 12, no. 9, (2018): 2165–2172.
  48. D. Groß and F. Dörflfler, “Projected grid-forming control for current limiting of power converters,” in Proc. 57th Annu. Allerton Conf. Commun., Control, Comput.,(2019): 326–333.
  49. J. Chen, F. Prystupczuk, and T. O’Donnell, “Use of voltage limits for current limitations in grid-forming converters,” CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., vol. 6, no. 2, (2020): 259–269.
  50. M. Awal, I. Husain, “Transient Stability Assessment for Current-Constrained and Current-Unconstrained Fault Ride Through in Virtual Oscillator-Controlled Converters,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol.9, (2021): 6935–6946.
  51. E. Rokrok et al,“Transient stability assessment and enhancement of grid-forming converters embedding current reference saturation as current limiting strategy,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.37, (2021): 1519–1531.