A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer
Priya J. , Kavya S., Gunavathie M.A., Jacophine Susmi S.
Open Access
Volume - 8 • Issue - 1 • march 2026
PDFAbstract
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing healthcare by assisting medical professionals with disease prediction, diagnostic procedures, and efficient treatment planning. Deep learning has emerged as a revolutionary technology in contemporary dentistry, which can handle dental images efficiently and produce accurate diagnostic results without human intervention. Traditional deep learning models lack generalizability, accuracy, and interpretability of local features and global interaction. Here, the hybrid ResNextTransform model with grouped convolution is developed to classify various dental disorders, and the metaheuristic Crested Porcupine optimizer (CPO) is employed to optimize the hyperparameters. The proposed model is used to classify the dental images into caries, calculus, gingivitis, tooth discoloration, ulcers, and hypodontia. The ResNextTransform model achieves 95.9% accuracy, 95.4% sensitivity, 95.7% precision, 95.2% AUC, 95.5% specificity, and 95.1% F1-Score. The performance of the model significantly improves with CPO optimization and produces 97.3% accuracy, 97.4% sensitivity, 97.2% precision, 97.2% AUC, 96.9% specificity and 97.1% F1-Score.
Cite this article
J., Priya, Kavya S., Gunavathie M.A., and Jacophine Susmi S.. "A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer." Journal of Innovative Image Processing 8, no. 1 (2026): 233-249. doi: 10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013
Copy Citation
J., P., S., K., M.A., G., & S., J. S. (2026). A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer. Journal of Innovative Image Processing, 8(1), 233-249. https://doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013
Copy Citation
J., Priya, et al. "A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer." Journal of Innovative Image Processing, vol. 8, no. 1, 2026, pp. 233-249. DOI: 10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013.
Copy Citation
J. P, S. K, M.A. G, S. JS. A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer. Journal of Innovative Image Processing. 2026;8(1):233-249. doi: 10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013
Copy Citation
P. J., K. S., G. M.A., and J. S. S., "A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer," Journal of Innovative Image Processing, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 233-249, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013.
Copy Citation
J., P., S., K., M.A., G. and S., J.S. (2026) 'A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer', Journal of Innovative Image Processing, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 233-249. Available at: https://doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013.
Copy Citation
@article{j.2026,
author = {Priya J. and Kavya S. and Gunavathie M.A. and Jacophine Susmi S.},
title = {{A Novel Optimized Hybrid ResNextTransform for Dental Diseases Classification with Crested Porcupine Optimizer}},
journal = {Journal of Innovative Image Processing},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {233-249},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Inventive Research Organization},
doi = {10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013},
url = {https://doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2026.1.013}
}
Copy Citation
Keywords
Dental Diseases
ResNext Transform
Crested Porcupine Optimizer
Classification
References
- Qayyum, Adnan, Ahsen Tahir, Muhammad Atif Butt, Alexander Luke, Hasan Tahir Abbas, Junaid Qadir, Kamran Arshad, Khaled Assaleh, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Dental Caries Detection Using a Semi-Supervised Learning Approach." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 749.
- Lee, Sun-Young, Hyung-Suk Lee, Eun-Song Lee, Hoi-In Jung, and Baek-Il Kim. "Biofluorescence Imaging as a Valid Alternative for Dental Calculus Detection." Available at SSRN 5253304
- Moharrami, Mohammad, Elaheh Vahab, Mobina Bagherianlemraski, Ghazal Hemmati, Sonica Singhal, Carlos Quinonez, Falk Schwendicke, and Michael Glogauer. "Deep Learning for Detecting Dental Plaque and Gingivitis From Oral Photographs: A Systematic Review." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology (2025).
- Jeong, Jin-Sun, Kyeong-Seop Kim, Yu Gu, Li Yuan Yang, Da-Hyun Yoon, Ling Wang, Meng Zhang, and Jeong-Hwan Kim. "Evaluation of VITA Shade–Based Tooth Color Categories Using Deep Learning." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025): 40098.
- Zhou, Mimi, Weiping Jie, Fan Tang, Shangjun Zhang, Qinghua Mao, Chuanxia Liu, and Yilong Hao. "Deep Learning Algorithms for Classification and Detection of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcerations Using Oral Clinical Photographic Images." Journal of Dental Sciences 19, no. 1 (2024): 254-260.
- Kamran, Muhammad, Muhammad Waseem, Numan Shafi, and Abdullah Zahid. "Detection of Caries and Hypodontia using Deep Learning and Explainable AI." In 2024 18th International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies (ICOSST), IEEE, 2024, 1-6.
- Singh, Nripendra Kumar, and Khalid Raza. "Progress in Deep Learning-Based Dental and Maxillofacial Image Analysis: A Systematic Review." Expert Systems with Applications 199 (2022): 116968.
- Priya, J., S. Kanaga Suba Raja, and S. Usha Kiruthika. "State-of-art Technologies, Challenges, and Emerging Trends of Computer Vision in Dental Images." Computers in Biology and Medicine 178 (2024): 108800.
- Zhu, Junhua, Zhi Chen, Jing Zhao, Yueyuan Yu, Xiaojuan Li, Kangjian Shi, Fan Zhang et al. "Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Dental Diseases on Panoramic Radiographs: A Preliminary Study." BMC Oral Health 23, no. 1 (2023): 358.
- Priya, Jayaraman, and Subramanian Kanaga Suba Raja. "Caries-Segnet: Multi-Scale Cascaded Hybrid Spatial Channel Attention Encoder-Decoder for Semantic Segmentation of Dental Caries." Biomedical Engineering/Biomedizinische Technik 70, no. 3 (2025): 241-258.
- Martins, Mónica Vieira, Luís Baptista, Henrique Luís, Victor Assunção, Mário-Rui Araújo, and Valentim Realinho. "Machine Learning in X-ray Diagnosis for Oral Health: A Review of Recent Progress" Computation 11, no. 6, 2023. 115.
- Kumar, Vyshiali Sivaram, Pradeep R. Kumar, Pradeep Kumar Yadalam, Raghavendra Vamsi Anegundi, Deepti Shrivastava, Ahmed Ata Alfurhud, Ibrahem T. Almaktoom, Sultan Abdulkareem Ali Alftaikhah, Ahmed Hamoud L. Alsharari, and Kumar Chandan Srivastava. "Machine Learning in the Detection of Dental Cyst, Tumor, and Abscess Lesions." BMC Oral Health 23, no. 1 (2023): 833.
- Sugandi, Budi, and Muhammad Naufal Abdurrahman Faiz. "X-Ray Image Classification Using Support Vector Machine Based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients and Local Binary Patterns Feature Extraction." In 8th International Conference on Applied Engineering (ICAE 2025), pp. 652-666. Atlantis Press, 2025.
- Geetha, V., and K. S. Aprameya. "Textural Analysis Based Classification of Digital X-ray Images for Dental Caries Diagnosis." Int J Eng Manuf (IJEM) 9, no. 3 (2019): 44-45.
- Virupaiah, G., and A. K. Sathyanarayana. "Analysis of Image Enhancement Techniques for Dental Caries Detection Using Texture Analysis and Support Vector Machine." Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng 17, no. 1 (2020): 75-86.
- Yaduvanshi, Vijaya, R. Murugan, and Tripti Goel. "Automatic Oral Cancer Detection and Classification Using Modified Local Texture Descriptor and Machine Learning Algorithms." Multimedia Tools and Applications 84, no. 2 (2025): 1031-1055.
- Chen, Ivane Delos Santos, Chieh-Ming Yang, Mei-Juan Chen, Ming-Chin Chen, Ro-Min Weng, and Chia-Hung Yeh. "Deep Learning-Based Recognition of Periodontitis and Dental Caries in Dental X-ray Images." Bioengineering 10, no. 8 (2023): 911.
- Rashid, Javed, Bilal Shabbir Qaisar, Muhammad Faheem, Arslan Akram, Riaz ul Amin, and Muhammad Hamid. "Mouth and Oral Disease Classification Using InceptionResNetV2 Method." Multimedia Tools and Applications 83, no. 11 (2024): 33903-33921.
- Uyar, Tansel, and Didem Sakaryalı Uyar. "Assessment of Using Transfer Learning with Different Classifiers in Hypodontia Diagnosis." BMC Oral Health 25, no. 1 (2025): 68.
- Esmaeilyfard, Rasool, Haniyeh Bonyadifard, and Maryam Paknahad. "Dental Caries Detection and Classification in CBCT Images Using Deep Learning." international dental journal 74, no. 2 (2024): 328-334.
- Maringka, Raissa, Wilsen Grivin Mokodaser, and George Morris William Tangka. "Deep Learning-Based Dental Radiography Classification Using CNN and EfficientNet." CogITo Smart Journal 11, no. 1 (2025): 218-228.
- Razmjouei, Pouyan, Elaheh Moharamkhani, Seyed Sasan Aryanezhad, Mohammad Shokouhifar, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, and Behrouz Zadmehr. "NFR-EDL: Non-Linear Fuzzy Rank-Based Ensemble Deep Learning for Accurate Diagnosis of Oral and Dental Diseases Using RGB Color Photography." Computers in Biology and Medicine 192 (2025): 110279.
- Latke, Vaishali, and Vaibhav Narawade. "Detection of Dental Periapical Lesions Using Retinex Based Image Enhancement and Lightweight Deep Learning Model." Image and Vision Computing 146 (2024): 105016.
- Abualigah, Laith. "Particle Swarm Optimization: Advances, Applications, and Experimental Insights." Computers, Materials & Continua 82, no. 2 (2025).
- Othman, Renjbar & Mahmood, Ibrahim. (2025). A Review of Exploring Recent Advances in Ant Colony Optimization: Applications And Improvements. International Journal of Scientific World. 11. 114-122. 10.14419/s0sjgq84.
- Mirjalili, Seyedali, Seyed Mohammad Mirjalili, and Andrew Lewis. "Grey Wolf Optimizer." Advances in engineering software 69 (2014): 46-61.
- Abdel-Basset, Mohamed, Reda Mohamed, and Mohamed Abouhawwash. "Crested Porcupine Optimizer: A New Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic." Knowledge-Based Systems 284 (2024): 111257.
- Priya, J., S. Kanaga Suba Raja, and S. Sudha. "An intellectual Caries Segmentation and Classification Using Modified Optimization-Assisted Transformer DenseUnet++ and ViT-Based Multiscale Residual DenseNet with GRU." Signal, Image and Video Processing 18, no. 6 (2024): 5213-5227.
- Eriksson, David, and Martin Jankowiak. "High-Dimensional Bayesian Optimization with Sparse Axis-Aligned Subspaces." In Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, PMLR, 2021, 493-503.
- Younesi, Abolfazl, Mohsen Ansari, Mohammadamin Fazli, Alireza Ejlali, Muhammad Shafique, and Jörg Henkel. "A Comprehensive Survey of Convolutions in Deep Learning: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends." IEEE Access 12 (2024): 41180-41218.
- Hasnain, Muhammad Adnan, Sadaqat Ali, Hassaan Malik, Muhammad Irfan, and Muhammad Sajid Maqbool. "Deep Learning-Based Classification of Dental Disease Using X-rays." Journal of Computing & Biomedical Informatics 5, no. 01 (2023): 82-95.
- Tan, Mingxing, and Quoc Le. "Efficientnet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks." In International conference on machine learning, PMLR, 2019, 6105-6114.
- Xie, Saining, Ross Girshick, Piotr Dollár, Zhuowen Tu, and Kaiming He. "Aggregated Residual Transformations for Deep Neural Networks." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2017, 1492-1500.
- Dosovitskiy, Alexey. "An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale." arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929 (2020).
- Mirjalili, Seyedali, and Andrew Lewis. "The Whale Optimization Algorithm." Advances in engineering software 95 (2016): 51-67.
