IRO Journals
Recent Research Reviews Journal

Green Synthesis and Comparative Evaluation of Calcium Oxide, Potassium Oxide, and Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles using Annona squamosa Seed Extract

Open Access
Published: 05 August, 2026
Pages: 246-262
  • Sarathamani T. , Sarathamani T.
    Research scholar, Department of Physics, Navarasam Arts and Science College for Women, Arachalur, Erode, India
    Research scholar, Department of Physics, Navarasam Arts and Science College for Women, Arachalur, Erode, India
  • Kalaiselvi V. , Kalaiselvi V.
    Associate Professor, Department of Internet of Things, Vellalar College for Women, Thindal, Erode, India
    Associate Professor, Department of Internet of Things, Vellalar College for Women, Thindal, Erode, India
  • Anusha Devi V. , Anusha Devi V.
    Research scholar, Department of Physics, Navarasam Arts and Science College for Women, Arachalur, Erode, India
    Research scholar, Department of Physics, Navarasam Arts and Science College for Women, Arachalur, Erode, India
  • Prabaharan K. Prabaharan K.
    Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
    Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
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How to Cite

T., Sarathamani, Kalaiselvi V., Anusha Devi V., and Prabaharan K. 2026. “Green Synthesis and Comparative Evaluation of Calcium Oxide, Potassium Oxide, and Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Annona Squamosa Seed Extract”. Recent Research Reviews Journal 5 (2): 246-62. https://doi.org/10.36548/rrrj.2026.2.001.
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Keywords

Green Synthesis
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Annona squamosa Seed Extract
Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles
Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles
Phytochemical-Mediated Synthesis
Comparative Biological Evaluation

Abstract

With the increasing need for sustainability in nanomaterial synthesis, researchers have been developing new approaches for environment friendly synthesis and without the use of toxic substances, yet still maintain the properties of metal oxides nanoparticles. In this research work, the green synthesis and comparative evaluation of calcium oxide (CaO), potassium-based, and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles are done via the use of Annona squamosa seed extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles have been analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, SEM analysis, and DLS to assess their optical, structural, morphological and colloidal properties. The biological activities of the synthesized nanoparticles have been comparatively evaluated using antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and antifungal activity tests. The results from characterization indicate successful synthesis of stable and crystallized nanoparticles with different physicochemical properties, while the biological activity assessments showed good bioactivity for all the synthesized nanomaterials.

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