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Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers
Meetkumar Patel ,  Frenisha Digaswala,  Dhairya Vyas,  Sweety Patel,  Devendra Parmar,  UtpalKumar B. Patel
Open Access
Volume - 7 • Issue - 4 • december 2025
1286-1303  518 pdf-white-icon PDF
Abstract

This research provides a reproducible comparative analysis of the performance of six independent machine learning classifiers in predicting in-hospital mortality among ICU patients from the PhysioNet/Challenge-2012 dataset. The term 'single' in the title of the former evoked the expectation that the current work would deal with various models. The paper discusses the single-model classifiers SVM, LR, RF, XGB, MLPClassifier, and a Keras-based Neural Network, comparing their performance, calibration, and interpretability against a strict set of pipelines. Finally, the most remarkable contributions include a workflow diagram that includes information on all processes; the hyperparameter search space, early-stopping hyperparameter, and random seeds; preprocessing and imputation experiments comparing the mean, median, KNN and Iterative imputation; feature selection with the help of Random-Forest RFE, using a certain stopping rule that disregards the frequency of stability, triangulation of predictor importance by SHAP and permutation importance; current confidence intervals (CIs) and significance tests; and subgroup analyses based on age, sex, and severity. Findings indicate that XGBoost has high discrimination and calibration statistics compared to the other classifiers; statistically significant ROC-AUC and Brier score improvements are obtained in favor of this algorithm. Every performance statistic is followed by 95% CIs; calibration curves, learning curves, and data regarding runtime assessment are provided.

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Patel, Meetkumar, Frenisha Digaswala, Dhairya Vyas, Sweety Patel, Devendra Parmar, and UtpalKumar B. Patel. "Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers." Journal of Innovative Image Processing 7, no. 4 (2025): 1286-1303. doi: 10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011
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Patel, M., Digaswala, F., Vyas, D., Patel, S., Parmar, D., & Patel, U. B. (2025). Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers. Journal of Innovative Image Processing, 7(4), 1286-1303. https://doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011
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Patel, Meetkumar, et al. "Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers." Journal of Innovative Image Processing, vol. 7, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1286-1303. DOI: 10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011.
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Patel M, Digaswala F, Vyas D, Patel S, Parmar D, Patel UB. Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers. Journal of Innovative Image Processing. 2025;7(4):1286-1303. doi: 10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011
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M. Patel, F. Digaswala, D. Vyas, S. Patel, D. Parmar, and U. B. Patel, "Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers," Journal of Innovative Image Processing, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1286-1303, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011.
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Patel, M., Digaswala, F., Vyas, D., Patel, S., Parmar, D. and Patel, U.B. (2025) 'Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers', Journal of Innovative Image Processing, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1286-1303. Available at: https://doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011.
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@article{patel2025,
  author    = {Meetkumar Patel and Frenisha Digaswala and Dhairya Vyas and Sweety Patel and Devendra Parmar and UtpalKumar B. Patel},
  title     = {{Optimizing ICU Prognosis: A Reproducible Comparative Study of XGBoost and Other Stand-Alone Machine Learning Classifiers}},
  journal   = {Journal of Innovative Image Processing},
  volume    = {7},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {1286-1303},
  year      = {2025},
  publisher = {Inventive Research Organization},
  doi       = {10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2025.4.011}
}
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Keywords
ICU Mortality XGBoost Calibration RFE Stability SHAP Reproducibility.
Published
04 November, 2025
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